novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Review literature/ Research Article by

H/Dr. Abdul Wahid Anwar,

DHMS, FTJ.

Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Email: wahidrwp@live.com, 

scienceonics@gmail.com 

Introduction:
novel human coronavirus pandemic declared as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2).
Origin:
The origin of this virus is Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and in the month of December 2019. (refer:2)

Source:
This pandemic virus considered to be originated from animal and seafood markets but it is not confirmed.


Intensity of spreading:
It is a pandemic which means it has been spread across the world.

{Refer(1,2,3,4)}

Classification of novel corona virus 19:

such viruses are classified into four category                        

• Alpha coronavirus 
• Beta coronavirus 
• Gamma coronavirus 
• Delta coronavirus                                                {Refer(5)}(Li, 2016).

Two of the attack on mammals and the other two infect birds.     

Six kinds of corona virus introduced related to human, abbreviated as human CoVs which are as following

•         - HCoV-NL63 (linked with Aalpha corona virus genus)
•         - HCoV-229E (linked with Aalpha corona virus genus)
•         -HCoV-OC43
•         - HCoV-HKU1
•         - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus  (SARS-CoV)
•         - MERS-CoV (linked with beta corona virus genus)

                                                                                                        {Refer(6)}
Coronavirus Symptoms of novel corona virus disease (CoViD-19 ):

According to United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the symptoms of novel cornona virus disease 2019 or CoViD-19 are
 

•     Fever 
•     Cough 
•     Shortness of breath

CoViD19 patient stages

Basically corona virus patient symptoms match with flu type fever and cough.
 the severe condition can take toward pneumonia with chest pain, congestion/stiffness in chest shortness of breath.  
There are following stages of novel corona patient

• Stage 1 

             Normally it starts with fever and dry cough.

• stage 2   

             After a week, it will cause shortness in breath and here is the alarming situation 
             starts in which about 20% patient must need to hospitalized.

Symptoms which are not linked strongly with corona patient

Some symptoms are not necessary for corona patient which are

•   - sneezing
•   - maybe a runny nose
•   - sore throat 

  Such symptoms are about only 5% linked with CoViD-19 patients.
 
Other symptoms which are not more than 30% linked with corona patient by the research of Huang et al. are  

• -Sputum production (coughing up material) which is about 28%.
• - Headache(pain in head) about 8%.
• - Haemoptysis ( coughing up blood) about 5%.
• - diarrhea about 3%/

                        
                                                                                                   {Refer(7)}(Li, 2016).   

According to Chinese research paper by CCDC which published in the Journal of Epidemiology and released on February 17, the 72,314 cases of COVID-19 confirmed 

• about 80% of the patients are in mild condition with normal flu-like symptoms and patient even don't need to be hospitalized. 
• about 13% of patients suffered from pneumonia and shortness of breath.
  
• about 4% are  in severe condition and causes respiratory failure, septic shock, and failure of different organ failure. 
• about 2% caused death.

Recovery period of CoViD19 :

According to WHO report on 28th of February ,out of 55,924 laboratory cases 

• the mild cases estimated recovery time was about 2 weeks.
• the severe or critical disease is about 3 to 6 weeks approximately.   

Duration from healthy stage to severe (hypoxia) and death period(average) of CoViD19

• Time from healthy to severe level is 1 week. In this case, hypoxia condition (deficiency of oxygen) is also included.
•  The time from symptom onset to average death ranges from 2 - 8 weeks.

Symptoms of hospitalized COVID-19 patients
According to reported 138 hospitalized patients results by Wang et al, followings are the results

• -About 98% were suffering with fever.

• -About 69 % were suffering with fatigue.

• -About 59% suffering with symptom of dry cough.

Normally from first symptom to reach at the stage of shortness of breath (dyspnea) it takes about 5 days  and if the patient diagnosed by  Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) it takes about 8 days.

                                                            {Refer(8)}(Wang et al., February 7, 2020.). 


Viability of SARS- CoV-1 and SARS- CoV-2 
According to the research of Neeltje van Doremalen, Dylan H. Morris, Myndi G. Holbrook,  published on the new England journal of medicine the titering of SARS- CoV-1 and SARS- CoV-2 vs time graphs are shown as following on placed on different objects, like plastic, cardboard, copper, aerosol and stainless steel. Among these the viability of SARS- CoV-1 and SARS- CoV-2 with the passage of time is more in aerosol, than in plastic than in stainless steel, than in cardboard and least in copper. {Refer(10)}
 
                                          Images courtesy by The New England journal of medicine
                         



                                          Images courtesy by The New England journal of medicine


 
                             Image courtesy by The New England journal of medicine
 


These images courtesy by : The New England journal of medicine

Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1

  March 17, 2020  DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973




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References: 

1. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020   (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/. opens in new tab).  
Huang et al., 2020
 
2. Huang et al., 2020

    Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
    C. Huang, Y. Wang, X. Li, L. Ren, J. Zhao, Y. Hu, L. Zhang, G. Fan, J. Xu, X. Gu et al.
    Lancet (2020), 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5

3. Zhou et al., 2020

    Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin
    P. Zhou, X.-L. Yang, X.-G. Wang, B. Hu, L. Zhang, W. Zhang, H.-R. Si, Y. Zhu, B. Li, C.-L. Huang et al.
    bioRxiv (2020), 10.1101/2020.01.22.914952
4.China CDC, 2020 Tracking the Epidemic
    http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/news/TrackingtheEpidemic.htm?from=timeline#Beijing%20Municipality%20Update       
     (2020)
 5.  Li, 2016
    Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins
    F. Li     Annu. Rev. Virol., 3 (2016), pp. 237-261 
6.  Tang et al., 2015

    Inferring the hosts of coronavirus using dual statistical models based on nucleotide composition     Q. Tang, Y. Song, M. Shi, Y. Cheng, W. Zhang and X.Q. Xia
    Sci. Rep., 5 (2015), p. 17155

7. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China - Huang et al., The Lancet. January 24, 2020

8. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China - JAMA, Wang et al., February 7, 2020.

9.  Neeltje van Doremalen, Dylan H. Morris, Myndi G. Holbrook ,Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1,The New England Journal of Medicine, March 17, 2020
website  link:https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2004973